Where in the gut does Vibrio cholerae attach and act?

How is cholera transmitted?

Define diarrhoea.

Why can severe diarrhoea lead to death?

How is cholera treated?

Oral rehydration therapy is a drink containing small amounts of    and     dissolved in water.

How does Vibrio cholerae cause water to be lost into the intestine?

The cholera toxin makes the cells lining the intestine release          into the lumen.

True or False? Cholera is caused by a virus.

True or False? During cholera infection, water moves out of the intestine cells into the lumen by osmosis.

What is the simplest way to prevent the spread of disease?

Define vector.

Give two ways to prepare food hygienically to prevent disease.

Why should food be stored cold?

Cooking food well helps to prevent disease because the high temperature will    bacteria and fungi.

How does washing with soap help prevent the spread of pathogens?

Why is the safe disposal of waste food important?

How does good sanitation help to prevent disease?

Raw sewage should be      to remove solid waste and kill pathogens before it is released into the environment.

True or False? Keeping food cold slows down the reproduction of bacteria and fungi.

True or False? Raw sewage can be released into the environment without any treatment.

Define carcinogen.

Name three harmful chemicals found in tobacco smoke.

What harm does tar do in the lungs?

How does carbon monoxide affect the blood?

Carbon monoxide binds irreversibly to         , reducing the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.

What two effects does nicotine have on the body?

How does smoking lead to emphysema?

Define emphysema.

In emphysema, the enzyme elastase breaks down      in the walls of the alveoli.

Name three diseases linked to smoking.

True or False? The tar in tobacco smoke is a carcinogen.

True or False? Nicotine widens blood vessels and lowers blood pressure.

Define ethanol.

Define depressant.

Why are there legal limits for drinking and driving?

Alcohol is a depressant, so it slows down signals in the nerves and     .

Give two short-term effects of alcohol abuse.

Give two long-term effects of alcohol abuse.

Which organ removes alcohol from the blood?

Why can long-term alcohol abuse damage the liver?

Define cirrhosis.

Long-term alcohol abuse can damage the brain, causing memory loss and       .

True or False? Alcohol is a stimulant that speeds up the body's reactions.

True or False? Alcohol can be an addictive drug.

Define STI.

Define HIV.

Define AIDS.

What effect does AIDS have on the body?

Why do people with AIDS often die from infections such as pneumonia?

HIV is a     that usually leads to the development of AIDS.

Give three ways in which HIV can be transmitted.

True or False? HIV can be passed from a mother to her baby through breast milk.

True or False? HIV can be caught by shaking hands with an infected person.

How can the spread of HIV be controlled?

Using a      during sex helps to prevent the transmission of HIV.

Define pathogen.

Define transmissible disease.

What is the difference between direct and indirect transmission of a pathogen?

Cholera, typhoid and dysentery are transmitted through contaminated          .

Give two mechanical (physical) barriers that prevent pathogens entering the body.

How do mucus and hairs in the nose and airways defend against pathogens?

The stomach produces            , which is strong enough to kill pathogens that are swallowed.

True or False? The hydrochloric acid in the stomach can kill pathogens that are swallowed.

How does the skin act as a barrier to pathogens?

Define sebum.

True or False? Phagocytes and antibodies are barriers to the entry of pathogens.

Define vector.

What type of organism causes malaria?

Which organism is the vector of malaria?

The female Anopheles mosquito feeds on human blood to obtain the      she needs to develop her eggs.

True or False? The mosquito is the cause of malaria.

How does a mosquito transmit Plasmodium between people?

Other than mosquito bites, give two ways malaria can be transmitted.

Give two ways the spread of the Anopheles mosquito can be controlled.

Spreading    over the surface of water stops mosquito larvae breathing air at the surface.

How can an individual reduce their risk of catching malaria?

True or False? Sleeping under an insecticide-treated bed net helps to prevent malaria.